Auto Glossary                                                    المصطلحات الفنية للسيارات

Sensors,  Brakes, Engine, Fuel, Electricity & Electronics, Vehicle Types, # Transmission, * (Department, Agency, Society)

The term used describe a two-wheel drive vehicle. The "4" indicates the number of wheels of the vehicle and the "2" indicates the number of wheels that are driven by engine	Four by two	4x2
هذا يدل على سيارات التي تدفع عن طريق عجلتين. الرقم "4" يدل على عدد العجلات بالسيارة, والعدد الثاني "2" يدل على عدد العجلات القائدة التي تدفع السيارة	سيارات الدفع الثنائي
The term used describe a four-wheel drive vehicle. The first "4" indicates the number of wheels of the vehicle and the second "4" indicates the number of wheels that are driven by engine. Most 4x4 drivetrains have a transfer case that allows the driver to select either two(4x2)- or four-wheel drive (4x4) depending on driving conditions. In trucks, you’ll often find locking hubs on the front wheels that can be locked in the "on" or free-wheeling position as needed. Some performance cars have full-time variable four-wheel drive and use a computer-controlled transfer case to route power between the wheels	Four by four	4x4
دفع عجلتين ويمكن تحويلها إلى أربع عجلات دفع. الرقم الأول "4" يدل على عدد العجلات بالسيارة والثاني "4" يدل على عدد العجلات التي تدار من المحرك	سيارات الدفع الرباعي
The 1991-92 systems are unique in that they used 4 wheel speed sensors (one located at each wheel) while the other systems use the Vehicle Speed Sensor (VSS) signal for rear wheel speed	4 Wheel Anti Lock brake	4WAL
هذا النظام يستخدم 4 حساسات عجل (حساس لكل عجلة) بدلاً من حساس واحد مركب للعجل الخلفي	نظام منع غلق العجلات يعمل على الأربع عجلات
4WD is a system in which the engine's power is (or can be) transmitted to all four wheels through a two-speed transfer case and drive axles. The transfer case's main function is to provide a gear-reduction feature and the ability to shift the vehicle into four-wheel "Low" range, which is designed for severe conditions such as pulling through heavy snow or mud, or slowly climbing up (or inching down) a backwoods hunting trail. A method of driving a vehicle by applying engine torque to all four wheels. Various schemes are used for 4WD including part-time, full-time and variable four-wheel drive. The primary advantage of four-wheel drive is increased traction—which is especially useful for off-road excursions or severe weather driving, but is of little practical value for normal driving. Because of the added friction in the drivetrain, a four-wheel drive vehicle typically gets significantly lower fuel mileage than a front- or rear-wheel drive vehicle	Four-wheel drive	4WD
إنه نوع من الأنظمة يعمل على توصل قدرة المحرك إلى الأربع عجلات, عن طريق وحدة نقل transfer cas ذات تخفضين و محورين دفع. الوظيفة الأساسية لوحدة النقل هي توفير نسبة تخفيض عالية للأربع عجلات لظروف التشغيل الصعبة (صعود مطلع/ نزول منحدر ذو زاوية حادة, تراكم ثلوج عالية على الطريق أو طرق وحلية أو طرق وعرة). أو نسبة تخفيض عادية للظروف التشغيل العادية. الميزة لاستخدام هذا النظام هو زيادة قوة الجر, ويحسن من أتزان السيارة على الطريق. ويعيب هذا النظام بأن استهلاك الوقود أعلى من حالة الدفع الأمامي أو الدفع الخلفي المنفصل للسيارة	سيارات الدفع الرباعي الدائم
Unit of measuring the electric current	Ampere	A
وحدة قياس شدة التيار	أمبير
A system that cools and dehumidifies air entering the passenger compartment. The system uses a refrigerant to cool the air and carry heat away from the passenger compartment. Major system components include a compressor, condenser, evaporator, accumulator or receiver/dryer, and orifice tube or expansion valve	Air Conditioner	A/C
هو نظام للتكييف والتخلص من الرطوبة للهواء الداخل لكابينة السيارة. يستخدم النظام مادة مبردة لتبريد الهواء ونقل الحرارة بعيد عن كابينة السيارة. الأجزاء الرئيسية بالنظام تتضمن الضاغط, المكثف, المبخر, المجمع (الخزان/ المجفف), صمام تمدد	المكيف
AAA (the American Automobile Association, Inc.) is not-for-profit organization. AAA provides certain standard services to its own members, It is providing emergency roadside assistance to its members, also AAA operates travel agencies and publishes maps and travel guides, and other services as well	American Automobile Association	AAA
(جمعية السيارات الأمريكية) هي منظمة غير ربحية. والتي توفر العديد من الخدمات لأعضائها, مثل المساعدة في حالة أعطال الطريق, توفير احتياجات الأعضاء خلال السفر بالسيارة, مثل توفير الخرائط, والمساعدة من خلال وكالات الرحلات الخاصة بالجمعية بالإضافة إلى خدمات أخرى عديدة	جمعية السيارات الأمريكية
ABC is the Mercedes-Benz brand name used to describe fully active suspension, that allows control of the vehicle body motions and therefore virtually eliminates body roll in many driving situations including cornering, accelerating, and braking	Active Body Control	ABC
هو أسم خاص بشركة مرسيدس بنز لوصف نظام التحكم الفعال الكلي للتعليق, الذي يتحكم في حركة جسم المركبة ويعمل على التخلص من انقلاب المركبة في حالات عديدة للقيادة مثل التحويد, والتعجيل, والفرامل	التحكم الإيجابي في جسم السيارة
An anti-lock braking system (ABS) (translated from German, Antiblockiersystem) is a system on motor vehicles which prevents the wheels from locking while braking. The purpose of this is to allow the driver to maintain steering control under heavy braking and, in some situations, to shorten braking distances (by allowing the driver to hit the brake fully without the fear of skidding or loss of control) Since it came into widespread use in production cars (with "version 2" in 1978), ABS has made considerable progress. Recent versions not only handle the ABS function itself (i.e. preventing wheel locking) but also traction control, brake assist, and electronic stability control, amongst others. Not only that, but its version 8.0 system now weighs less than 1.5 kilograms, compared with 6.3 kg of version 2.0 in 1978	Antilock braking system	ABS
	نظام منع غلق العجلات
Electric current that reverses direction periodically, usually many times per second. One complete period, with current flow first in one direction and then in the other, is called a cycle, and 60 cycles per second (60 hertz) is the customary frequency of alternation in the United States and in all of North America. In Europe and in many other parts of the world, 50 Hz is the standard frequency. On aircraft a higher frequency, often 400 Hz, is used to make possible lighter electrical machines	Alternating Current	AC
تيار يعكس اتجاهه بشكل دوري, عدة مرات بالثانية الواحدة. زمن الدورة, التيار يسير في اتجاه ثم يعكس حركته في الاتجاه الأخرى يسمى دورة. 60 دورة في الثانية (60 هرتز) هو تردد التيار في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية وأمريكا الشمالية. وبالنسبة لأوربا فإن تردد التيار (50 هرتز). تستخدم الطائرات أجهزة ومعدات تردد التيار لها 400 هرتز, ليمكنها ذلك من استخدام أجهزة ومعدات أقل وزنا	تيار متردد
autonomous or adaptative cruise control (ACC) systems. The system also goes under the names of active cruise control (ACC) , adaptive cruise control (ACC) or intelligent cruise control (ICC). A radar sensor is linked to the ECU which slows the vehicle and brakes if necessary	Adaptive Cruise Control	ACC
هذا النظام يأتي تحت العديد من الأسماء كالتحكم الإيجابي في مثبت السرعة ACC , أو مثبت السرعة الذكي ICC, يوجد حساس يعمل بالرادار لمتابعة حالة الطريق أمام السيارة ومتصل بوحدة التحكم الإليكترونية, تقوم وحدة التحكم بإرسال أمر تشغيل لنظم التحكم في السيارة بتقليل سرعة السيارة أو فرملتها حسب ظروف الطريق (المرسلة من الحساس)	مثبت السرعة (التحكم في سرعة السير) القابل للتكييف
It is an air-conditioning unit which can automatically set the temperature desired by the driver without being influenced by the outside temperature or other factors	Automatic Climate Control	ACC
هي وحدة تكييف تقوم ذاتيا بضبط الحرارة المطلوبة من السائق دون التأثر بدرجة الحرارة الخارجية أو أي عوامل أخرى	تحكم ذاتي للمناخ
It consists of a camera installed in the cockpit to monitor the driver’s blinking movements. The development of this system is aimed at eliminating the risk of driver inattentiveness, by constantly keeping track of the frequency and duration of eyelid movement. If the computer connected to the camera perceives the driver to be at risk of sleepiness at the wheel, the system can warn him ahead of time	Attention Control System	ACS
هو نظام يتكون من آلة تصوير مركبة داخل السيارة لملاحظة حركة جفون السائق. تم تطوير هذا النظام للتغلب على المخاطر الناجمة من عدم يقظة السائق, وذلك عن طريق استمرارية ملاحظة معدل التردد والفترة الزمنية المستغرقة لحركة الجفون. وفي حالة توصل الحاسب المتصل بآلة التصوير إلى أن السائق معرض لخطر النوم أثناء القيادة, يقوم النظام بتحذير السائق بوقت كافي قبل أن يغفو في النوم	نظام متابعة يقظة السائق
ADAS, are systems to help the driver in the driving process. They are primarily focused on collision avoidance technologies;for example, lane departure warning (LDW) and blind-spot detection (BSD) and driver aids, such as night vision, driver alertness, traffic sign recognition (TSR), adaptive cruise control (ACC) and more	Advanced Driver Assistance Systems	ADAS
هي أنظمة مركبة بالسيارة لمساعدة السائق في عملية القيادة. وهي تركز بشكل أساسي على تقنية منع الحوادث مثل التحذير عند تغيير المسار, بيان المناطق غير المرئية للسائق. وكذلك على تقنية مساعدة السائق مثل نظام الرؤية الليلية, نظام التأكد من تنبه السائق, نظام التعرف على الإشارات المرورية, ونظام مثبت السرعة التفاعلي, وأنظمة أخرى	الأنظمة المتقدمة لمساعدة السائق
AFS varies the steering transmission ratio electronically in direct relation to the style and speed of driving and road conditions	Active front steering	AFS
هو نظام يعمل على تغير نسبة تخفيض التوجيه إلكترونيا بناء على طريقة وسرعة القيادة وحالة الطريق	التوجيه الأمامي الإيجابي
A vehicle designed to operate solely on an alternative fuel other than "traditional" petroleum fuels (petrol or diesel) or flexible-fuel, or dual-fuel vehicle designed to operate on at least one alternative fuel	Alternative fuel vehicle	AFV
هي مركبة تعمل فقط بوقود غير الوقود البترولي التقليدي (بنزين أو ديزل)؛ أو تكون مرنة الوقود (تعمل بخليط من نوعي وقود), أو أن تكون مركبة ثنائية لمصدر الطاقة مصممة لتعمل بنوع واحد او أكثر من الوقود البديل	مركبة مسيرة بوقود بديل
It has been considered as one option to increase fuel economy by reducing vehicle drag resistance. An AGS system will allow airflow through the grille when demand on cooling system or air conditioning system is high. Under conditions of light load and moderate ambient temperatures and humidity, the grille does not have to be fully open	Active Grille Shutter	AGS
هو واحد من الاختيارات المطروحة لزيادة اقتصاديات الوقود عن طريق تقليل مقاومة الهواء. يسمح المصرع بتدفق الهواء خلال الشبكة الأماميةعند تكون الحاجة إلى تبريد السيارةأو نظام التكييف عالية, في حالة الأحمال الجزئية وحرارة الجو والرطوبة المنخفضة فلا تكون هناك حاجة لفتح المصرع بشكل كامل	مصرع (شيش, حصيرة) الشبكة الأمامية الفعال
The automated guided vehicle or automatic guided vehicle (AGV) is a mobile robot that follows markers or wires in the floor, or uses vision or lasers. They are most often used in industrial applications to move materials around a manufacturing facility or a warehouse. Application of the automatic guided vehicle has broadened during the late 20th century and they are no longer restricted to industrial environments	Automated guided vehicle	AGV
المركبة ذاتية التوجيه, هي ماكينة ذاتية الحركة متنقلة والتي تتبع علامات أو أسلاك موجودة بأرضية المكان, أو تستخدم الليزر أو الرؤية في تحديد مسارها, وهي في العادة تستخدم في التطبيقات الصناعية لنقل المواد بين الأقسام الإنتاجية أو المخازن. تم تطوير المركبات الذاتية وأنتشر مجال استخدامهم خلال القرن الماضي وأصبح استخدمهم غير محصور للتطبيقات الصناعية	مركبة ذاتية التوجيه
A unit of electrical capacity. Tells you how much power the battery will store. Current multiplied by time in hours equals ampere-hours. A current of one amp for one hour would be one amp-hour; a current of 3 amps for 5 hours would be 15 AH CRLF. Ampere-Hour rating: is the amount of steady current that a fully charged battery can supply for 20 hours at 26.7oC without the cell voltage falling below 1.75 volts or 10.5 volts at terminals.	Ampere-Hour	AH
وحدة قياس السعة الكهربائية. تقيس مقدار الطاقة التي يمكن للبطارية أن تختزنها. التيار مضروب في الوقت بالساعة. تيار مقداره 1 أمبير لمدة ساعة يكون 1 أمبير- ساعة. تيار مقداره 3 أمبير لمدة 5 ساعات يساوي 15 أمبير- ساعة. معدل الأمبير- ساعة: هو مقدار التيار الخارج من البطارية المشحونة بالكامل بمعدل ثابت لمدة 20 ساعة عند درجة حرارة 26.7 درجة مئوية بدون أن يهبط جهد الخلية عن 1.75 فولت أو جهد البطارية عن 10.5 فولت.	أمبير- ساعة
Allows the driver to vary the ride height, giving the running ground clearance needed to suit off-road driving (increased height) and ease of entry (decreased height).The system exist under many trade names, including Electronic Height Control (EHC), Variable Ride-Height Suspension (VRHS), and pneumatic suspension systems	Active Height Control	AHC
النظام يسمح للسائق لتغيير ارتفاع السيارة بزيادة ارتفاع السيارة, زيادة الخلوص الأرضي لتناسب السير في خارج الطرق, وتقليل الارتفاع لسهولة ركوب السيارة. النظام موجود بالعديد من السيارات أيضا تحت أسماء مختلفة مثل نظام التحكم الإليكتروني في الارتفاع, نظام التعليق متغير الارتفاع, والنظام الهوائي للتعليق	التحكم الفعال (الإيجابي) في الارتفاع
Air injection into the exhaust port allows the unburnt and partially burnt fuel to be completely combusted in the exhaust system. This system sometimes called an after-burner and it operates when the engine is slow-running or cruising	Air injection	AI
حقن الهواء في فتحة العادم حتى يسمح للغازات الغير محترقة والوقود المحترق جزئي بأن يحترق كليا داخل نظام العادم. هذا النظام يطلق عليه نظام الحرق اللاحق للغازات, وهو يعمل عندمايبطئ المحرك من سرعته أو خلال السير بسرعة بطيئة.	حقن الهواء
	Automated Manual Transmission	AMT
	ناقل حركة اليدوي الأوتوماتيكي
Also known as noise cancellation, or active noise reduction (ANR), is a method for reducing unwanted sound. A noise-cancellation speaker emits a sound wave with the same amplitude but with inverted phase to the original sound. The waves combine to form a new wave, in a process called interference, and effectively cancel each other out - an effect which is called phase cancellation	Active noise control	ANC
	التحكم الايجابي في الضوضاء
It is a private non-profit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States	American National Standards Institute	ANSI
	المعهد الأمريكي القومي للمواصفات القياسية
It is the largest U.S trade association for the oil and natural gas industry. API standards and regulations apply to many segments of the oil and gas industry, its standards cover: environmental and safety, inspection measurement, petroleum measurement, exploration and production, and refining, among other things	American Petroleum Institute	API
هو أحدى أكير الوكالات الأمريكية لتجارة البترول والغاز الطبيعي. لها العديد من الإجراءات المنظمة والمواصفات القياسية المتعلقة بالعديد من صناعة البترول والغاز, مواصفاتها القياسية تغطي: البيئة والسلامة, قياسات الفحص, قياسات البترول, التنقيب عن البترول والانتاج, والتكرير, وأشياء أخرى	المعهد الأمريكي للبترول
On uneven or slippery road surfaces the Automatic Stability Control (ASC) system ensures the car can accelerate out of each bend safely and with maximum traction. It is an element of the Dynamic Stability Control (DSC) system. It prevents loss of traction on the drive wheels, when one wheel has good traction but the other is on a slippery patch of road, the wheel with less traction is braked until it is again able to gain a grip on the road surface. If both wheels lose traction, the engine management system also intervenes and reduces the power output, which significantly reduces the danger of the rear of the vehicle skidding out. Drivers can disengage ASC if desired	Automatic Stability Control	ASC
	النظام الذاتي للتحكم في الاتزان
It is a professional certification group that certifies professionals in the automotive repair and service industry	Automotive Service Excellence	ASE
هي رابطة لإعطاء شهادة مزاولة المهنة للمتخصصين في مجال إصلاح وصيانة السيارت	رابطة تميز الخدمة للسيارات
It is a professional association. ASME is thus an engineering society, a standards organization, a research and development organization, a lobbying organization, a provider of training and education, and a nonprofit organization	American Society of Mechanical Engineers	ASME
	الجمعية الأمريكية لمهندسي الميكانيكا
Also called Traction Control System- TCS	Acceleration slip regulation Automatic slip regulation	ASR -TCS
	التحكم في الانزلاق الناتج عن التسارع
Some vehicles can be classified as AT-PZEV, standing for Advanced Technology PZEV. This type of vehicle is just as clean as a PZEV vehicle, but gets much better fuel efficiency due to the use of hybrid electric vehicle systems. This technology can also be used in a Sport Utility Vehicle to improve their traditionally lower fuel economy; however they may still lag behind the efficiency of smaller vehicle	Advanced Technology- Partial Zero Emission Vehicle	AT-PZEV
	تقنية متقدمة- مركبة ذات أنبعاثات عادم قرب الصفر
It is the fluid used in vehicles with self-shifting or automatic transmissions. Synthetic ATF is available on aftermarket brands, for certain applications	Automatic transmission fluid	ATF
هو نوع خاص من الزيوت يستخدم في المركبات التي يتم فيها نقل الحركة ذاتيا. هناك نوع اصطناعي للاستخدام في ظروف معينة	سائل ناقل الحركة الأوتوماتيكي
It is an automatic tire inflation system (ATIS) that keeps tires properly inflated. ATIS uses compressed air from the trailer air system to inflate any tire that falls below a pre-set pressure when the trailer is moving. The system increases tire life, fuel efficiency and safety	Automatic Tire Inflation System	ATIS
هو نظام ذاتي لنفخ الإطار الذي يجعل الإطارات في حالة نفخ جيدة. وهذا النظام يستخدم الهواء المتواجد بنظام الهواء بالمقطورة لنفخ أي إطار ينخفض الضغط به عن الحد المسموح والمحدد سابقا, يتم النفخ أثناء سير المقطورة. هذا النظام يزيد من عمر الإطار, وكفاءة الوقود, والسلامة	نظام النفخ الذاتي للإطار
A small, open motor vehicle having one seat and three or more wheels fitted with large tires. It is designed chiefly for recreational use over roadless, rugged terrain	All-terrain vehicle	ATV
مركبة آليه صغيرة لها مقعد واحد وثلاث عجلات أو أكثر مركب بها إطارات كبيرة. وهي مصممة بغرض الاستخدام الترفيهي على الطرق الغير معبدة والأراضي الوعرة	سيارة جميع أنواع الأراضي
A vehicle (usually a car) where all four wheels are driven. Most are fulltime systems for year-round driving, and use a viscous fluid coupling center differential instead of a transfer case to route drive torque to all four wheels. This allows the front and rear wheels to turn at slightly different speeds when turning on dry pavement	All wheel drive	AWD
	سيارات دفع رباعي مستمر
It is a system that turns the rear wheels in the same direction as the front wheels to aid in high-speed cornering. Other similar systems turn the rear wheels in the opposite direction as the front to aid in low speed maneuvering and/or parking	All wheel steering	AWS
هو نظام يعمل على تحسين توجيه السيارة. فعند السرعات العالية يعمل على إدارة العجلات الخلفية في نفس اتجاه العجلات ألأمامية ليساعد في عملية التوجيه بالمنحنيات. كما يعمل على إدارة العجلات الخلفية في عكس اتجاه العجلات الأمامية عند السرعات البطيئة ليساعد على ركن السيارة	توجيه بجميع العجلات- سيارات توجيه رباعي
Also known as (BAS, Brake Assist System) or (EBA, Emergency Brake Assist) , which automatically applies full braking power when a panic stop is sensed via rapid pedal movement, such as when the driver stabs the brakes	Brake Assist	BA
هذاالنظام يفعل الفرامل بأقصى قوة عند الأحساس أن السائق يقوم بفرملة مفاجئة وذلك عن طريق متابعة سرعة حركة البدال.	تعضيد (مساعدة) الفرامل
Also known as (BA, Brake Assist or EBA, Emergency Brake Assist). An electronic system designed to recognise emergency braking operation (by interpreting the speed and force with which the brake pedal is pushed), and automatically enhance braking effort (increases braking pressure) improves vehicle and occupant safety, and can reduce stopping distances by 45%	Brake Assist System	BAS
هو نظام إليكتروني مصمم للتعرف على حالة تفعيل الفرملة في حالة الطوارئ (عن طريق المعلومات المستنبطة من سرعة وقوة الضغط على البدال), والقيام ذاتيا بتكبير قوة الفرامل (زيادة ضغط الفرامل) وتحسين سلامة المركبة والركاب, مما يقلل من مسافة التوقف بحوالي 45 بالمائة	نظام تعضيد (مساعدة) الفرمل
When the piston has reached the lowest point in the cylinder, the connecting rod will be vertical. The piston, therefore, will be at the bottom of its stroke and the connecting rod will be in the dead center position	Bottom dead center	BDC
هي النقطة التي يصل فيها المكبس إلى أدنى نقطة في الأسطوانة, وعندها يكون ذراع التوصيل في الوضع الرأسي. ويكون المكبس عند نهاية مشوار المكبس وذراع التوصيل يكون عند الوضع الميت للمحور	النقطة الميتة السفلى
	Brake horse power	BHP
	القدرة الفرملية
It is the amount that the spindle support arm leans in at the top. It is also known as steering axle inclination (SAI) or king pin inclination (KPI). Vehicles with ball-joint suspension have what is known as steering axis inclination (SAI) which is defined as the inward tilt of the spindle support arm at the top. The spindle assembly is supported at the upper and lower control arms by ball joints. The pivoting axis of the wheel around the ball joints is the same as the kingpin axis of vehicles with dead axles	Ball joint inclination	BJI
	زاوية ميل وصلة رمان بلي محور التوجيه
A system to help drivers notice cars in their blind spot.These cars a equipped with a camera under the mirror and a light on inside the car that indicates a car may be in your blind spot	Blind spot information system	BLIS
	نظام إعطاء معلومات عن النقطة الغير مرئية
A term relating to the pressure in the cylinder calculated form the horsepower reading on a dynamometer	Brake mean effective pressure	BMEP(bmep)
هو مصطلح له علاقة بالضغط داخل اسطوانة المحرك يحسب من قراءة القدرة التي نحصل عليها باستخدام فرملة المحرك	الضغط المتوسط الفعال الفرملي
Brake pressure modulator valve, it is part of the anti-lock brakes and traction control system. Also called the Electro-Hydraulic Control Unit (EHCU). During the Antilock mode, the BPMV can maintain or reduce brake fluid pressure independent of the pressure generated in the master cylinder. The BPMV does not provide more pressure than is applied by the master cylinder during braking	Brake pressure modulator valve	BPMV
صمام التحكم في ضغط الفرامل, هو جزء من نظام منع غلق العجلات ونظام التحكم في الجر. ويسمى أيضا بوحدة التحكم الإليكترونية الهيدروليكية. خلال حالة منع الغلق, يعمل الصمام على الاحتفاظ وتقليل ضغط سائل الفرامل مستقلا عن الضغط المولد من الاسطوانة الرئيسية. ولا يزيد الصمام ضغط الدائرة بضغط أعلى من ضغط الاسطوانة الرئيسية أثناء الفرملة.	صمام التحكم في ضغط الفرامل
automatic transmissions are equipped with "brake transmission system interlocks" to prevent children from moving the shift mechanisms out of park	Brake Transmission Shift Interlocks	BTSI
هذا النظام يمنع أجراء النقلات بصندوق التروس الذاتي بدون الضغط على بدال الفرامل	نظام ربط الفرامل بناقل الحركة
The amount of heat required to raise 1 pound of water 1 F at sea level	British thermal unit	BTU
كمية الحرارة اللازمة لرفع 1 رطل ماء 1 درجة فهرنهايت عند مستوى البحر	الوحدة الحرارية الإنجليزية
The crank angle sensor (CAS) is a device used in the automobile to tell the Engine Control Unit (ECU) when to fire the spark plugs. The CAS detects where the piston is located in the engine and when it is in the right spot it tells the ECU to fire the spark plug in that cylinder. The sensor is typically located on the flywheel or on a separate cog. One of the teeth of the flywheel is missing, the one exactly at Top Dead Center of cylinder #1 (the closest to the flywheel). The sensor registers a change and responding to this, sends out a pulse to the ECU. The ECU is then able to calculate the injection and ignition timing. There are two commonly applied versions of this sensor, based on the principle of induction and on the Hall effect. This sensor is the most important sensor in modern day engines. When it is failing, the engine will not run at all	Crank Angle Sensor	CAS
	حساس زاوية عمود المرفق
is an automotive safety system developed by BMW. It is a further development and expansion of the anti-lock braking system, designed to distribute braking force during emergency braking whilst cornering. CBC interacts with ABS to counteract oversteer and guarantees optimum distribution of brake power in corners, keeping the vehicle heading in the intended direction even if the brakes are applied suddenly	Cornering Brake Control	CBC
	التحكم في الفرامل أثناء الانعطاف
Cold Cranking Amps is a rating used in the battery industry to define a battery's ability to start an engine in cold temperatures. The rating is the number of amps a new, fully charged battery can deliver at 0° Farenheit for 30 seconds, while maintaining a voltage of at least 7.2 volts, for a 12 volt battery. The higher the CCA rating, the greater the starting power of the battery.	Cold Cranking Amps	CCA
	تيار تقويم المحرك على البارد
	Capacitor-discharge ignition	CDI
	إشعال تفريغ المكثف
A family of manmade chemicals containing chlorine that include R12 automotive air conditioning refrigerant. CFCs have been blamed for a deterioration of the Earth’s protective ozone layer. CFCs have been phased out of production by international agreement.CFCs have been blamed for a deterioration of the Earth’s protective ozone layer.	Chlorofluorocarbons	CFCs
	كلورفلوركاربون
Center of gravity (also called Center of mass). The point in a system of bodies or an extended body at which the mass of the system may be considered to be concentrated and at which external forces may be considered to be applied	Center of gravity	CG
امركز ثقل الوزن (يطلق عليه أيضا مركز الكتلة).النقطة تقع داخل مجموعة من الأجسام أو أمتداد لها وهي النقطة التي عندها يوضع تأثير القوة الخارجية	مركز ثقل الوزن
	Compression ignition	CI
	إشعال بالضغط
	Coil ignition	CI
	نظام إشعال بالملف
CNG is a fossil fuel substitute for gasoline (petrol), Diesel fuel, or propane/LPG. It is a more environmentally clean alternative to those fuels, and it is much safer than other fuels in the event of a spill (natural gas is lighter than air, and disperses quickly when released). CNG is made by compressing natural gas (which is mainly composed of methane [CH4]), to less than 1% of the volume it occupies at standard atmospheric pressure. It is stored and distributed in hard containers at a pressure of 200–248 bar (2900–3600 psi), usually in cylindrical or spherical shapes. CNG is used in natural gas vehicles or traditional gasoline internal combustion engine cars that have been converted into bi-fuel vehicles- gasoline/CNG	Compressed natural gas	CNG
	غاز طبيعي مضغوط
	Company	Co
	شركة
A deadly gas that results from the incomplete burning of gasoline inside the engine, carbon monoxide is considered to be a serious air pollutant. You can’t see it or smell it, but it can kill in very small concentrations. Because of this you should never run an engine inside a closed garage. Various means are used to reduce the amount of CO produced by an engine, and primary among these is the catalytic converter. The converter "reburns" CO in the exhaust and converts it into harmless carbon dioxide	Carbon Monoxide	CO
	أول أكسيد الكربون
	Carbon dioxide	CO2
	ثاني أكسيد الكربون
The amount of friction between two surfaces is expressed as a coefficient of friction (COF). The coefficient of friction is determined by dividing the force required to pull an object across a surface by the normal force between between the two objects.	Coefficient of friction	COF
	معامل الاحتكاك
A type of distributorless ignition system where individual ignition coils are mounted directly over each spark plug. No spark plug wires are used.	Coil-On-Plug ignition	COP
نوع من نظام الإشعال بدون موزع, حيث يركب ملفات إشعال منفصلة مباشرة على كل شمعة إشعال, لا يحتاج هذا النظام إلى أسلاك بواجي (كبلات).	ملف إشعال مركب على شمعة الإشعال
A crank position (CKP) sensor is an electronic device used in an internal combustion engine to monitor the position or rotational speed of the crankshaft. This information is used by engine management systems to control the spark/fuel delivery and timing to and other engine parameters	Crankshaft Position Sensor	CPS
حساس وضع عمود المرفق هو جهاز إليكتروني يستخدم في محركات الاحتراق الداخلي لمتابعة وضع وسرعة دوران عمود المرفق. تستخدم تلك المعلومات عن طريق نظام إدارة المحرك للتحكم في مقدار الشرارة والوقود وتوقيتهما بالإضافة إلى التحكم بعوامل أخرى للمحرك	حساس وضع عمود المرفق
It is a system to provide control over the air pressure in each tire of a vehicle as a way to improve performance on different surfaces. For example, lowering the air pressure in a tire creates a larger area of contact between the tire and the ground and makes driving on softer ground much easier. It also does less damage to the surface. Another function of the CTIS is to maintain pressure in the tires if there is a slow leak or puncture	Central Tire Inflation System	CTIS
هو نظام يعطي تحكم في ضغط الهواء بكل إطار بالمركبة وذلك لتحسين الأداء على الأسطح المختلفة. كمثال على ذلك, تخفيض ضغط الهواء داخل الإطارات يؤدي إلى زيادة مساحة التلامس بين الإطار والأرض مما يجعل السير على الأرض الرخوة أكثر سهولة. وكذلك المحافظة على تلف السطح. كما يعمل النظام على المحافظة على ضغط الإطار في حالة وجود تسرب للهواء به	النظام المركزي لنفخ الإطار
The engine coolant temperature sensor is used to detect the engine coolant temperature. The sensor modifies a voltage signal from the ECM. The modified signal returns to the ECM as the engine coolant temperature input. The sensor uses a thermistor that is sensitive to the change in temperature. The electrical resistance of the thermistor decreases as temperature increases	Coolant temperature sensor	CTS
	حساس درجة حرارة سائل التبريد
A crossover SUV (also called CUV for Crossover Utility Vehicle) or XUV is an automobile with a sport utility vehicle appearance but is built upon a more economical and fuel-efficient car-based platform.	Crossover Utility Vehicle	CUV
يطلق عليها في بعض الأحيان سيارة الأنشطة الرياضية, حيث له نفس الشكل الخارجي ولكن السيارة أكثر توفير وكفاءة في الوقود.	سيارة الأرض الوعرة
A Constant Velocity Joint is one that provides consistent driveshaft speeds regardless of the operating angle of the joint. CV joints (U-joints (Universal joints) are used primarily in on the driveshafts of front-wheel drive vehicles, and they come in two basic varieties: the Rzeppa ball type joints (which you’ll find on the outer end of the driveshaft) and tripod joints (which are used on the inner end).	Constant velocity joint	CV joint (1
وصلة السرعة الثابتة, هي واحدة من الوصلات التي تعطي سرعة ثابتة لعمود الإدارة لأي زاوية تشغيل يأخذها العمود. تستخدم وصلة السرعة الثابتة في عمود الإدارة للعجل الأمامي القائد, للوصلة نوعين, وصلة بها بلي (تستخدم في الناحية الخارجية لعمود إدارة العجلة) ونوع ذو وصلة ثلاثية (تستخدم في الناحية الداخلية لعمود الإدارة.	وصلة السرعة الثابتة (الكبالن)
It is a type of motor vehicle that may be used for transporting goods or passengers	Commercial vehicles	CV (2
	السيارات التجارية (الشاحنات)
Continuously variable transmissions (CVTs) are another transmission technology that's available in some cars. Instead of having fixed gear ratios like a conventional manual or automatic, CVTs constantly adjust to the current driving conditions. Since there are no gear "steps" to shift between, CVTs often operate more smoothly than other technologies.	Continuously variable transmission	CVT
نظام نقل الحركة المستمر التغيير, هو نوع اخر من تقنية نقل الحركة والمستخدم في بعض السيارات. بدلا من أن يكون صندوق السرعات ذو نسب تخفيض ثابتة في نظام نقل الحركة اليدوي والذاتي التقليديين, يقوم هذا النظام باستمرار في تغيير نسبة التخفيض بناء على حالة القيادة (متطلبات السائق, ومقاومات الطريق, ومخرجات المحرك). وحيث أنه لا يوجد نقلات محددة بصندوق السرعات فأن هذا النظام يعمل بسلاسة. كما إن استخدامه يؤدي إلى توفير الوقود	نظام نقل الحركة المستمر التغيير
It is an automotive technology that allows the intake and/or exhaust valve left to be infinitely varied during engine operation	Continuous Variable Valve Lift	CVVL
	نظام مستمر في تغيير توقيت الصمامات و مسافة الفتحة
It is an automotive technology that allows the intake and/or exhaust valve timing to be infinitely varied during engine operation	Continuous Variable Valve Timing	CVVT
	نظام مستمر في تغيير توقيت الصمامات
A measure of relative noise level. It is a logarithmic unit that indicates the ratio of a physical quantity (usually power or intensity) relative to a specified or implied reference levelone, and it is tenth of (B) a bel	Decibel	dB
	وحدة قياس الضوضاء
An electric current (flow of electrons through a wire) that moves in one direction with constant strength. Batteries are a source of direct current	Direct current	DC
هو تيار كهربائي (انسياب الالكترونات خلال سلك) يتحرك في اتجاه واحد بشدة ثابتة. البطاريات تعتبر مصدر من مصادر التيار المستمر	تيار مستمر
It is a type of semi-automatic or automated manual automotive transmission (sometimes referred to as a twin-clutch gearbox). It uses two separate clutches for odd and even gear sets	Double (Dual) clutch transmission	DCT
	ناقل حركة بقابض مزدوج
	Direct Drive (transmission	DD
	نقل مباشر (صندوق سرعات)
	Direct Fuel Injection	DFI
	حقن وقود مباشر
	Direct Ignition System	DIS
	نظام إشعال مباشر
	do-it-yourself job	DIY job
	عملية تقوم بها بنفسك
An ignition system that does not use a distributor to route high voltage to the spark plugs. The high voltage plug wire runs directly from the ignition coil to the spark plug. Some DIS systems have one coil for every two spark plugs (a shared system), while others have a separate coil for each spark plug (See Coil-On-Plug Ignition). Eliminating the distributor makes the system more reliable and eliminates maintenance.	Distributorless Ignition system	DLI
	نظام إشعال بدون موزع
Also, called digital volt/ohmmeter (DVOM).	Digital multi meter	DMM
	مقياس رقمي متعدد القياس
	Department of Motor Vehicles	DMV
	قسم المركبات الآلية (السيارات)
Cylinder Deactivation, Multiple Displacement System (MDS), or Variable Cylinder Management.	Displacement on demand	DOD
	تعديل سعة المحرك عن الحاجة
The U.S. Department of Energy	Department of Energy	DOE
	قسم الطاقة
DOHC dual overhead cam engine has two camshafts in cylinder head. Cams act directly on valves without rocker arms. One cam operate the intake valves the other operate the exhaust valves.	Dual over head cam	DOHC
	نظام عمود كامة علوي مزدوج
The U.S. Department of Transportation	Department of Transportation	DOT
	قسم النقل
DOT 3 BRAKE FLUID; Brake fluid that meets the Department of Transportation specifications for glycol based fluids with a wet boiling point (lowest allowable after it’s been in use) of 284 degrees F. and a dry boiling point of 401 degrees F. DOT 3 fluid is the type commonly specified by most vehicle manufacturers. Because it is glycol based, it absorbs moisture over time (hygroscopic). This lowers its effective boiling point and promotes internal corrosion in the brake system. For this reason, the brake fluid should be replaced periodically (every two years is recommended by many experts) and every time the brakes are relined or serviced. DOT 4 BRAKE FLUID; A "heavy-duty" glycol based brake fluid with a slightly higher wet boiling point of 311 degrees F. and a dry boiling point of 446 degrees. This type of fluid is sometimes specified for performance vehicles or those subject to high brake temperatures. DOT 5 BRAKE FLUID; A silicone based fluid that does not absorb moisture and has a boiling point of at least 500 degrees F. DOT 5 fluid does not have to be changed periodically and can minimize brake system corrosion, but is very expensive compared to DOT 3 or DOT 4 fluid (it costs three to five times as much). It will not mix with DOT 3 or DOT 4 brake fluid. DOT 5 is NOT recommended for any vehicle with ABS brakes because it tends to aerate when cycled rapidly through small orifices		DOT 3, DOT 4, DOT 5
	دوط 3, دوط 4, دوط 5
	Dynamic Stability Control	DSC
	التحكم في الاتزان الديناميكي
The DSG removes the clutch pedal and associated operation, and places it under the control of computer chips and hydraulic servos. When left in full auto mode, it's as smooth as or smoother than any conventional automatic	Direct Shift Gearbox	DSG
	نقل مباشر لصندوق التروس
Computerized engine control systems have a certain amount of built-in self-diagnostic capability to detect problems that affect engine performance and emissions. The same is true for the antilock brake system and other onboard systems that are computer controlled. When a fault is detected, the computer will store a diagnostic trouble code in its memory and illuminate the "Check Engine" light. On some vehicles, the computer can be put into a special diagnostic mode by grounding certain terminals on a diagnostic connector. This will cause the Check Engine or other lights to flash out the fault code. On many vehicles, though, a scan tool must be plugged into the computer system to access and read the codes	Diagnostic trouble cods	DTCs
	رمز (شفرة) تشخيص العطل
It is the act of driving a motor vehicle with blood levels of alcohol in excess of a legal limit ("Blood Alcohol Content", or "BAC"). In most jurisdictions a measurement such as a blood alcohol content (BAC) in excess of a specific threshold level, such as 0.05% or 0.08% defines the offense	Driving under the influence	DUI
	القيادة تحت تأثير الكحول
Emergency Brake Assist (EBA) is a safety system in vehicles designed to ensure maximum braking power is used in an Emergency stop situation. By interpreting the speed and pressure at which the brake pedal is pushed, the system detects if the driver is trying to execute an emergency stop, and if the brake pedal is not fully applied, the system overrides and fully applies the brakes until the Anti-lock braking system (ABS) takes over to stop the wheels locking up	Modulus of elasticity	E
	معامل المرونة للمعدن
which automatically applies more braking power to the wheels with the best grip. Also called (EBFD). Often coupled with anti-lock braking systems, EBD can apply more or less braking pressure to each wheel in order to maximize stopping power whilst maintaining steering control	Electronic brake-force distribution	EBD
	التوزيع الإليكتروني لقوة الفرامل
	Electronically controlled brakes	ECB
	التحكم الإليكتروني للفرامل
or ECU electronic control unit is an embedded system that controls one or more of the electrical subsystems in a vehicle	Electronic/Engine control module	ECM
	وحدة التحكم الإليكترونية/المحرك
Also called coolant temperature sensor (CTS)	Engine coolant temperature sensor	ECT
	حساس درجة حرارة سائل تبريد المحرك
or ECM electronic control module is an embedded system that controls one or more of the electrical subsystems in a vehicle	Electronic control unit	ECU
	وحدة تحكم اليكترونية
The eCVT in the hybrid car is integral with the generator motor. It harnesses internal combustion and electric power sources to drive the wheels	Electronically controlled, continuously variable transmission	eCVT
	نظام نقل الحركة المستمر ذو التحكم الإليكتروني
Electronic Diesel Control is a diesel engine fuel injection control system for the precise metering and delivery of fuel into the combustion chamber of modern diesel engines used in trucks and cars	Electronic diesel control unit	EDCU
هو نظام يتحكم إلكترونيا في نظام التحكم في حقن الوقود لمحركات الديزل, عن طريق الدقة في المعايرة , وإمداد الوقود لغرف الاحتراق لمحركات الديزل الحديثة بالشاحنات والسيارات	وحدة التحكم الإليكترونية للديزل
EDTC prevents excessive slip of the driven wheels due to engine drag torque (engine brake). This may occur when driving on slippery road surface if the driver change to lower gear or suddenly lifts his foot off the throttle	Engine drag traction control	EDTC
تمنع انزلاق العجلات القائدة نتيجة فرملة المحرك. الذي يحدث في حالة السير على طريق زلق,التي تحدث في حالة نقل صندوق التروس إلى نقلة أقل (ذات نسبة تخفيض عالية) أو رفع القدم فجأة عن بدال الوقود	وحدة تحكم المحرك في الجر
This type of system uses computer-controlled fuel injectors to spray fuel into the engine rather than mechanically controlled injectors or a carburetor. EFI comes in several varieties: "throttle body injection" (See TBI), "multi-port injection" (See MFI or PFI) or Sequential Fuel Injection (SFI). Electronic fuel injection is considered to be superior to carburetion because it allows more precise fuel metering for easier starting, lower emissions, better fuel economy and performance	Electronic fuel injection	EFI
هذا النوع من النظام يستخدم الحاسب الألي في التحكم في حاقن الوقود لضخ الوقود داخل المحرك بدلا من التحكم الميكانيكي للحاقن أو المغذي (الكربراتير). حقن الوقود الإليكتروني يأتي تحت العديد من المسميات: الحقن في مجمع السحب (TBI), الحقن متعدد الثغور (MFI), حقن متتابع (SFI). حقن الوقود الإليكتروني يعتبر متفوق على نظام المغذي, فهو يسمح بدقة أعلى في معايرة الوقود لسهولة بدأ الإدارة, وتقليل التلوث, وزيادة اقتصاديات الوقود وتحسين الأداء	حقن وقود إليكتروني
The EGO sensor is mounted in the exhaust system upstream of the catalyst. It detects excess oxygen in the exhaust stream. Oxygen, or the lack of it, indicates whether the air/fuel is lean or rich of the stoichiometric ratio. The EGO sensor is also known as a Lambda-Sond sensor or O2 sensor	Exhaust Gas Oxygen Sensor	EGO
	حساس الأكسجين بالعادم
This is an emissions control technique for reducing oxides of nitrogen emissions in the tailpipe. A small amount of exhaust gas is recirculated back into the intake manifold to dilute the incoming air/fuel mixture. Contrary to what you’d think, it has a cooling effect on combustion temperatures which helps reduce the formation of oxides of nitrogen (See NOX). The EGR valve is the main control device in this system	Exhaust-gas recirculation	EGR
	إعادة تدوير (استخدام) غاز العادم
EHC systems exist under many trade names, including Variable Ride-Height Suspension (VRHS), Active Height Control (AHC), and pneumatic suspension systems	Electronic Height Control	EHC
	التحكم الإليكتروني في الارتفاع
	Electro-hydraulic power steering	EHPS
	التوجيه الكهروهيدروليكي المؤزر
	Electronic Ignition	EI
	نظام الإشعال الإليكتروني
Pure brake by wire, no brake fluid, no brake lines, electric motor generates braking force, and wheel brake ECU actuated from electronic brake pedal	Electro Mechanical Brake	EMB
	فرامل كهروميكانيكية
In an Engine Management System (EMS), electronics control fuel delivery, ignition timing and firing order. Primary sensors on the system are engine angle (crank or Top Dead Center (TDC) position), airflow into the engine and throttle demand position. The circuitry determines which cylinder needs fuel and how much, opens the requisite injector to deliver it, then causes a spark at the right moment to burn it. Early EMS systems used analogue computer circuit designs to accomplish this, but as embedded systems became fast enough to keep up with the changing inputs at high revolutions, digital systems started to appear	Engine Management System	EMS
	نظام إدارة المحرك
Abbreviation for the Environmental Protection Agency, the government agency responsible for enforcing anti-pollution rules. The EPA requires all vehicle manufacturers to certify their new car as being in compliance with the applicable clean air standards for the year of manufacture. The manufacturer, in turn, must provide an "emissions" warranty on every vehicle they sell that guarantees free replacement of any emissions control device that might fail during that time. This coverage usually extends to such items as the computer control system, catalytic converter, fuel and ignition system -except the spark plugs and normal wear items	Environmental Protection Agency	EPA
	وكالة حماية البيئة
	Evaporator pressure regulator	EPR
	منظم ضغط التبخر
	Electronic power steering	EPS
	مؤازر التوجيه الإليكتروني
ESC systems exist under many trade names, including Vehicle Stability Control (VSC), Electronic Stability Program (ESP), and Vehicle Stability Enhancement -VSE	Electronic Stability Control	ESC
	نظام التحكم في الاتزان
ESP systems exist under many trade names, including Vehicle Stability Control (VSC), Electronic Stability Control (ESC), and Vehicle Stability Enhancement -VSE	Electronic stability program	ESP
	برنامج الاتزان الإلكتروني
	Electronic throttle control	ETC (1
	التحكم الإليكتروني في صمام الخانق
The Electronic Transmission is an automatic transmission which uses modern electronic control technologies to control the transmission. The transmission itself, except for the valve body and speed sensor, is virtually the same as a full hydraulically controlled transmission, but it also consists of electronic control unit and actuators. The electronic sensors monitor the speed of the vehicle, gear position and throttle opening, sending this information to the ECU. The ECU then controls the operation of the clutches and brakes based on this data and controls the timing of shift points and torque converter tock-up	Electronic Traction Control	ETC (2
	التحكم الإليكتروني في الجر
	Electronic transmission control unit	ETCU
	وحدة التحكم الإليكترونية لنقل الحركة
	Emergency tensioning device	ETD
	جهاز طوارئ الشد
	Electric vehicle	EV
	المركبة الكهربائية
	Electronic Wedge Brake	EWB
	فرامل الخابور الإليكترونية
Fahrenheit (symbol °F) is a temperature scale. Within this scale, the freezing of water into ice is defined at 32 degrees, while the boiling point of water is defined to be 212 degrees	Fahrenheit	F
هي مقياس للحرارة. حيث درجة حرارة تجمد الماء 32 درجة فهرنهايت ودرجة غليان الماء 212 فهرنهايت	فهرنهايت
A free-body diagram is a sketch of an object of interest with all the surrounding objects stripped away and all of the forces acting on the body shown. It is used to show the relative magnitude and direction of all forces acting upon the object in a given situation	Free body diagram	FBD
	رسم الجسم الحر
	Fuel cell vehicle	FCV
	سيارة تستخدم خلية الوقود
	Forward Collision Warning	FCW
	تحذير الاستطدام الأمامي
Flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs) is an alternative fuel vehicle with an internal combustion engine designed to run on more than one fuel, usually gasoline or a blend of up to 85% ethanol (E85), and both fuels are stored in the same common tank	Flexible-fuel vehicle	FFV
مركبة ذات قابلية للعمل بوقود مخلوط, هو مركبة تعمل بالوقود البديل ولها محرك احتراق داخلي مصمم للعمل بأكثر من نوع واحد من الوقود, في الغالب يكون بنزين مخلوط مع إيثانول بنسبة تصل إلى 85% إيثانول, ويخزن نوعي الوقود في نفس الخزان	سيارة ذات قابلية للعمل بوقود مخلوط
	fixed geometry intake manifold	FGI
	مجمع سحب ثابت الأبعاد
	Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards	FMVSS
It is designed to interrupt fuel delivery in the event of a collision, thus minimizing the risk of fire	Fire Prevention System	FPS
هو نظام مصصم لمنع تدفق الوقود في حالة الإصطدام, وبذلك يقلل من احتمال حدوث الحريق	نظام تجنب الحريق
FSI applies to petrol engines. It uses gas more efficiently and economically by direct injection into the engine.	Fuel Stratisfied Injection	FSI
A means of driving a vehicle by applying engine power to the front wheels instead of the rear wheels. There are advantages and disadvantages to front-wheel drive. On the plus side, the advantages go mostly to the vehicle manufacturers because it makes it easier for them to package a vehicle engine/drivetrain/body combination more efficiently. In other words, the same basic engine/drivetrain package can be installed under a variety of "different" model cars. The same basic engine/transaxle package Chrysler developed for their Omni and Horizon (which they basically copied from Volkswagen) can be found under all their current front-wheel drives ranging from the mini-vans to the sports sedans. Thus a manufacturer can save a bundle in tooling and development when he wants to bring a new front-wheel drive model to the showroom floor. As far as FWD being superior to RWD, it’s mostly hype. Some people will argue that front-wheel drive handles better than rear-wheel drive while others will argue exactly the opposite. Porsche and Mercedes seem to be unimpressed by FWD, and most race cars are rear-wheel drive. On the negative side, some front-wheel drive cars have a tendency to "torque steer" (See Torque Steer), and transaxle problems can be very costly to repair because it often involves pulling the engine	Front wheel drive	FWD
	سيارات الجر الأمامي
The shear modulus or modulus of rigidity (G or μ) describes an object's tendency to shear (the deformation of shape at constant volume) when acted upon by opposing forces; it is defined as shear stress over shear strain. The shear modulus is part of the derivation of viscosity	Modulus of rigidity	G
	Gasoline direct injection	GDI
	حقن مباشر لوقود البنزين
Greenhouse gases are those that can absorb and emit infrared radiation, but not radiation in or near the visible spectrum. In order, the most abundant greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are: water vapour -H2O, carbon dioxide -CO2, methane -CH4, nitrous oxide -N2O, ozone -O3	Greenhouse gases	GHG
	غازات الصوب الزجاجية
	Gasoline particulate filter	GPF
	منقي (فلتر) وقود البنزين
	gram per mile	gpm
مقدار الملوثات المنبعثه من السيارة بالجرام لكل مسافة تحرك مقدارها ميل	جرام لكل ميل
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) developed by the United States Department of Defense and managed by the United States Air Force 50th Space Wing. It is the only fully functional GNSS in the world, can be used freely, and is often used by civilians for navigation purposes. It uses a constellation of between 24 and 32 medium Earth orbit satellites that transmit precise radiowave signals, which allow GPS receivers to determine their current location, the time, and their velocity. Its official name is NAVSTAR GPS. Although NAVSTAR is not an acronym, a few backronyms have been created for it Since it became fully operational in 1993, GPS has become a widely used aid to navigation worldwide, and a useful tool for map-making, land surveying, commerce, scientific uses	Global positioning system	GPS
	النظام العالمي لتحديد الموقع -المكان
Abbreviation for gross vehicle weight. GVW is the weight of the vehicle plus the weight of all passengers and cargo up to the limit specified by the manufacturer	Gross vehicle weight	GVW
	الوزن الإجمالي للسيارة
is the maximum allowable total weight of a road vehicle or trailer that is loaded, including the weight of the vehicle itself plus fuel, passengers, cargo, and trailer tongue weight	Gross vehicle weight rating	GVWR
	الوزن الإجمالي المقدر للسيارة
Acronym for "Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning	Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning	HVAC
	التدفئة, التهوية, والتكييف
A hydrocarbon (HC) is any kind of substance that contains hydrogen and carbon. Gasoline is a hydrocarbon. So is oil. When gasoline burns inside an engine, there is always a tiny amount that’s left over. If an engine is misfiring because of a fouled spark plug or a leaky valve, or if it has worn rings or valve guides and uses oil, quite a bit of unburned HC can pass through into the exhaust. Unburned HC is a major source of air pollution and is the primary source of smog in most urban areas. Various means are used to reduce the amount of HC an engine produces, the primary one of which is the catalytic converter. The converter reduces HC emissions by "reburning" and converting it into harmless water vapor	Hydro carbon	HC
	هيدرو كربون
is a form of internal combustion in which well-mixed fuel and oxidizer (typically air) are compressed to the point of auto-ignition	Homogeneous charge compression ignition	HCCI
	إشعال بالضغط لشحنة متجانسة
	Hybrid electric vehicle	HEV
	مركبة كهربائية مهجنة
The HO2S is placed into the exhaust manifold. It detects the amount of oxygen in the exhaust gas compared to the outside air. The sensor has a closed-end tube made of ceramic zirconia. The zirconia generates voltage from approximately 1V in richer conditions to 0V in leaner conditions. The sensor signal is sent to the ECM. The ECM adjusts the injection pulse duration to achieve the ideal air-fuel ratio. The ideal air-fuel ratio occurs near the radical change from 1V to 0V	Heated Oxygen Sensor	HO2S
	حساس الأكسوجين
	Hydraulic Power Steering	HPS
	مؤازر التوجيه الهيدروليكي
	Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning	HV
	التدفئة, التهوية, والتكييف
	Headway Monitoring	HWM
	متابعة الطريق بالأمام
	Highway	hwy
	طريق سريع
Symbol of electric current	Electric current	I
رمز للتيار الكهربائي	تيار كهربائي
Intake air temperature sensor. Also has a verity if names in the past (ACT, VAT, MCT, MAT and ATS) under OBD II guidelines, these parts are now called IATs. The intake air temperature sensor is mounted to the air duct housing. The sensor detects intake air temperature and transmits a signal to the ECM. The temperature-sensing unit uses a thermistor that is sensitive to the change in temperature. Electrical resistance of the thermistor decreases in response to the temperature rise	Intake air temperature	IAT
	حساس درجة حرارة الهواء المسحوب
	Integrated circuit	IC
	دائرة متكاملة
Also named Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)	Intelligent Cruise Control	ICC
	مثبت السرعة (التحكم في سرعة السير) الذكي
	Internal combustion engine	ICE
	محرك احتراق داخلي
	Independent Front Suspension	IFS
	تعليق حر أمامي
It is a U.S. non-profit organization funded by auto insurers. It works to reduce the number of motor vehicle crashes, and the rate of injuries and amount of property damage in the crashes that still occur. It carries out research and produces ratings for popular passenger vehicles as well as for certain consumer products such as child car booster seats	Insurance Institute for Highway Safety	IIHS
	رابطة التأمين لسلامة الطرق السريعة
	Independent Rear Suspension	IRS
	تعليق حر خلفي
	Idle Speed Control system	ISC
	نظام التحكم في سرعة الحمل الخالي
	Integrated Starter/Generator	ISG
	نظام مدمج من بادئ الحركة/ والشاحن
	Idle Speed Control Valve	ISCV
	صمام التحكم في سرعة الحمل الخالي
Energy unit (1 Joule = 1 Newton meter)	Joule	J
	وحدة قياس الطاقة ( 1 جول = 1 نيوتن متر)
kilo = 1000	Kilo	k
1 كيلو = 1000	كيلو
The bulk modulus (K) describes volumetric elasticity, or the tendency of an object's volume to deform when under pressure; it is defined as volumetric stress over volumetric strain, and is the inverse of compressibility. The bulk modulus is an extension of Young's modulus to three dimensions	Bulk modulus	K
The kilogram or kilogramme (SI unit symbol: kg; SI dimension symbol: M), is the base unit of mass in the International System of Units and is defined as being equal to the mass of the International Prototype of the Kilogram (IPK). The gram was originally defined as the mass of one cubic centimeter of water at 4°C, making the kilogram equal to the mass of one liter of water	kilogram	kg
	كيلوجرام
Toyota also demonstrated its Kinetic Dynamic Suspension System (KDSS). By allowing the decoupling of the front and rear stabilizer bars, KDSS allows greater suspension articulation (movement, that is) off-road. The KDSS-assisted truck was able to keep all its tires in contact with the ground due to the greater suspension travel afforded by the system, while the one with KDSS switched off has a rear tire clawing at thin air. Another benefit of KDSS is that it allows larger stabilizer bars for improved on-road handling via decreased body roll	Kinetic Dynamic Suspension System	KDSS
The king pin inclination or KPI (also called steering axis inclination or SAI). The kingpin is set at an angle relative to the true vertical line, as viewed from the front or back of the vehicle. It is non-adjustable. This has an important effect on the steering, making it tend to return to the straight ahead or center position. A second effect of the kingpin inclination is to set the scrub radius of the steered wheel	King pin inclination	KPI
ميل البنز الرئيسي (ويمسى أيضا ميل محور التوجيه). هي الزاوية التي يعملها البنز الرئيسي مع الرأسي, عند النظر إليه من مقدمة السيارة أو من الخلف. وهي زاوية ثابتة غير قابلة للضبط. هذه الزاوية لها تأثير هام بالنسبة للتوجيه, بحيث تتسبب في عودة عجلات التوجيه إلى الأمام بعد الانحراف إلى اليمن أو اليسار. وكذلك تحديد نصف قطر الاحتكاك لعجلة التوجيه	ميل البنز الرئيسي
The knock (detonation) sensor is mounted on the engine block. It detects engine knock and sends a voltage signal to the ECM. The ECM uses The Knock Sensor signal to control timing	Knock sensor	KS
يركب حساس الدق على جسم المحرك. يقوم الحساس باستشعار دق المحرك ويقوم بإرسال إشارة جهد كهربائي إلى وحدة التحكم الإليكترونية/ المحرك. تقوم الوحدة باستخدام إشارة الحساس للتحكم في توقيت الإشعال	حساس الدق
A liter is a metric unit of measure for volume. One liter is equal to one thousand centimeter cube	Liter	l
اللتر هو مقياس للحجم مستخدم مع الوحدات المترية. واحد لتر يساوي 1000 سنتيمتر مكعب.	لتر
	Left	L
	يسار
A "Liquid Crystal Display" is a type of electronic display that forms opaque or dull-colored letters or numbers on various backgrounds. LCD displays are popular for digital dashboards, but they are not as readable in direct sunlight as LED displays	Liquid crystal display	LCD
	شاشة عرض
	Lain Departure Warning	LDW
	تحذير مغادرة الحارة (الطريق)
A light emitting diode emits light when current is passed through it in the forward direction. A "Light Emitting Diode" is an electronic light bulb of sorts that produces colored light. You’ll find LEDs used in the center high mounted stop light on many vehicles, and used as indicator lights in some instrumentation. LEDs are also used in some vehicle speed sensors and in some electronic ignitions	Light emitting diode	LED
	دايود يضيء عند مرور التيار الكهربائي به
It is a motor vehicle that emits relatively low levels of motor vehicle emissions	Low emission vehicle	LEV
هي مركبات ذات أنبعاثات أقل من مستوى من إنبعاثات المركبات الأخرى	مركبة ذات إنبعاثات منخفضة
	Liquefied natural gas	LNG
	غاز طبيعي مسال
	Liquefied petroleum gas	LPG
	غاز بترولي مسال
	Limited-slip differential	LSD
	التروس الفروقية محدودة الانزلاق
It is the fundamental unit of length in the International System of Units (SI	meter	m
هي وحدة أساسية للطول في نظام الوحدات العالمية	متر
Tire rating for mud and snow M+S, MS, M/S or M and S	Mud and snow	M+S
إطار يمكنه السير في الطين والثلوج	طين و ثلوج
The mass airflow sensor is placed in the stream of intake air. It measures the intake flow rate by measuring a part of the entire intake flow. It consists of a hot wire that is supplied with electric current from the ECM. The temperature of the hot wire is controlled by the ECM a certain amount. The heat generated by the hot wire is reduced as the intake air flows around it. The more air, the greater the heat loss. Therefore, the ECM must supply more electric current to maintain the temperature of the hot wire as airflow increases. The ECM detects the airflow by means of this current change	Mass ِAir flow sensor	MAF
	حساس كتلة انسياب الهواء
A fuel injection system that opens its injectors in pairs or groups a sufficient amount of time prior to intake valve opening so the intake port is filled with fuel before the valve opens. The Manifold Absolute Pressure sensor measures changes in the intake manifold pressure resulting from engine load and speed changes. The computer sends a 5-volt reference signal to the MAP sensor. As pressure changes in the intake manifold occur, the electrical resistance of the MAP sensor also changes. By monitoring the sensor output voltage, the computer can determine the manifold absolute pressure. The higher the MAP voltage output the lower the engine vacuum, which requires more fuel. The lower the MAP voltage output the higher the engine vacuum, which requires less fuel. Under certain conditions, the MAP sensor is also used to measure barometric pressure. This allows the computer to automatically adjust for different altitudes. The computer uses the MAP sensor to control fuel delivery and ignition timing	Manifold absolute pressure (sensor)	MAP
	الضغط المطلق للعادم
Cylinder Deactivation, Displacement On Demand (DOD), or Variable Cylinder Management	Multiple Displacement System	MDS
هي قياس للفاعلية التي يؤديها النظام الميكانيكي. وهي في الغالب تكون النسبة بين القدرة الخارجة أو الشغل الخارج للنظام الميكانيكي(نظام نقل الحركة أو معدة) إلى القدرة الداخلة أو الشغل الخارج, وبسبب الاحتكاك (القدرة المفقودة), تكون الكفاءة دائما أقل من واحد	نظام السعة المتغيرة
It measures the effectiveness with which a mechanical system performs. It is the ratio of the power delivered or work output by a mechanical system (i.e. transmission or mechanism) to the power supplied to it or work input, and because of friction (power loss), this efficiency is always less than one	Mechanical Efficiency	ME
	الكفاءة الميكانيكية
	Mechanical electrohydraulic cam-switching system	MEHV
	نظام التحويل الميكانيكي والكهربائي الهيدروليكي بالكامة
It is a type of fuel injection system that has one injector for each engine cylinder. Each injector sprays its fuel directly into the intake port in the cylinder head. Multi-port fuel injection is considered to be the "hot" setup because it provides better cylinder-to-cylinder fuel distribution for more power	Multi-port Fuel Injection	MFI (MPFI/MPI
	حقن متعدد الثغرات
also known as a check engine light, is a tell-tale to indicate malfunction of a computerized engine management system. It is found on the instrument panel of most automobiles	Malfunction Indicator Lamp	MIL
	لمبة بيان العطل
Abbreviation for Miles Per Gallon. A vehicle’s fuel economy is determined by a number of factors including the size of the engine, the type of carburetion used, the weight of the vehicle, the type of transmission used (manual or automatic), the final drive ratio, the size and type of tires used, tire inflation pressures, aerodynamic streamlining of the body, the driving habits of the driver, the kind of road surface and terrain upon which the vehicle is driven, the speed at which its driven, and environmental factors such as temperature, wind and humidity. Taking all these into consideration, it’s no wonder the EPA says -the mileage you get may vary from the official EPA estimates	Mile per gallon	MPG (mpg
	ميل لكل جالون
	Multiport fuel injection	MPI (MFI
	بخاخات الوقود متعددة الأماكن
	Multi-purpose vehicle	MPV
	مركبة متعددة الأغراض
Unit of measuring force, 1 Newton = 1 kg m/s.s	Newton	N
وحدة قياس القوة, 1 نيوتن = 1 كجم متر/ ث.ث	نيوتن
	Neutral	N
	نقلة الحياد
The North American Automobile Trade Association (NAATA) is a not-for-profit association of vehicle dealers that buy and sell vehicles across international borders	The North American Automobile Trade Association	NAATA
.هي جمعية لا ربحية مكونة من وكلاء السيارات الذين يقومون بشراء وبيع السيارات في السوق العالمية	اتحاد تجار السيارات لأمريكا الشمالية
	No cause for removal	NCFR
	لا يوجد سبب للرفع
Abbreviation for the National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration. This is the government agency that is responsible for making and policing safety rules for all vehicles. NHTSA is the agency that can order a vehicle manufacturer to issue a safety recall.	National Highway Traffic Safety Administration	NHTSA
	الإدارة القومية لسلامة المرور على الطرق السريعة
	National Transportation Safety Board	NTSB
	المجلس القومي لسلامة المواصلات
	Noise, vibration and harshness	NVH
	ضوضاء, اهتزاز, خشونة
At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a colorless, odorless, tasteless diatomic gas with the formula O2. This substance is an important part of the atmosphere, and is necessary to sustain most terrestrial life. Oxygen gas is the second most common component of the Earth's atmosphere, taking up 20.8% of its volume and 23.1% of its mass. Oxygen is a key reactant in the process of combustion. Combustion (burning) occurs when a fuel reacts rapidly with oxygen to produce combustion (oxidation) products (exhaust gasses) and gives off heat	Oxygen	O2
	أوكسجين
	On board diagnostics	OBD
	جهاز مركب بالسيارة لتشخيص الأعطال
	On board diagnostics II	OBD II
جهاز مركب بالسيارة لتشخيص الأعطال, مركب في معظم سيارات البنزين موديلات ما بعد سنة 1996 وبه توحيد للمصطلحات والتوصيلات بين الموديلات المختلفة.	جهاز (متطور) مركب بالسيارة لتشخيص الأعطال
	Outside diameter	O.D
	القطر الخارجي
	Over Drive (transmission)	OD
	نقلة فوق المباشر (ناقل الحركة)
	Original equipment	OE
	المعدة الأصلية
OEM refers to the company that originally manufactured the product. When referring to automotive parts, OEM designates a replacement part made by the manufacturer of the original part	original equipment manufacturer	OEM
بالنسبة لقطع غيار السيارات, فإنها تعني قطعة غيار مصنعة من المصنع الأصلي	صانع المعدات الأصلية
In an overhead cam engine (OHC), the camshaft is located in the top of the cylinder head. Push rods are NOT needed to operate the rockers and valves. With the cam in head , the number of valve train parts is reduced. Also the valves can placed at an angle to improve breathing. The OHC increase high speed efficiency and power output. The OHC can be single overhead cam SOHC, or dual overhead cam DOHC	Over head cam	OHC
	عمود كامة علوي
The unit of electrical resistance measurement. One ohm is the resistance that will allow one ampere to flow when pushed by one volt	(Resistance measuring unit)	ohm
هي وحدة قياس المقاومة. واحد أوم هو المقاومة التي تسمح بمرور واحد أمبير تحت تأثير جهد كهربائي واحد فولت	(وحدة قياس المقاومة الكهربائية)
Engines with the camshaft in the block are called Overhead Valve (OHV) Engines	Over head valve	OHV
المحركات التي لها عمود كامة في كتلة الاسطوانات تسمي محركات ذات صمامات علوية برأس الأسطوانة, وتعمل الصمامات عن طريق أذرع دفع (متصلة بالكامة), والتي تحرك أذرع متأرجحة لدفع الصمام.	صمام علوي
An off-road vehicle is considered to be any type of vehicle which is capable of driving off paved or gravel surface	Off-Road Vehicle	ORV
هي أي نوع من المركبات قادر على السير خارج الطرق المرصوفة والمعبدة	سيارة خارج الطرق
Unit of pressure (1 Pa = 1 N/m2), (1 MPa = 1000,000 Pa = 1 N/mm2)	Pascal	Pa
وحدة ضغط (1 بسكال = 1 نيوتن/ المتر المربع), ( 1 ميجا بسكال = 1000,000 بسكال = 1 نيوتن/ مليمتر المربع)	بسكال
PCM is a computer that manages engine and power train systems. Within engine management, the PCM is responsible for fuel delivery, ignition timing and some emission control devices. All powertrain control modules generate a specific diagnostic code based on the vehicle component that isn't working that can then be read by an electronic diagnostic tool used by mechanics	Power control module, Powertrain control module	PCM
	موديول للتحكم في مجموعة نقل القدرة
The positive crankcase ventilation system pulls the crankcase fumes into the intake manifold so they can be burned before entering the atmosphere. The PCV became stnadard equipment on all vehicles worldwide because of its benefits not only in emissions reduction but also in engine internal cleanlness and oil lifespan	Positive crank case ventilation	PCV
يعمل نظام التهوية الجبرية لعمود المرفق بسحب الأبخرة الناجمة من عملية الاحتراق والمتسربة من حلقات المكبس إلى علبة عمود المرفق, وأدخالها مع الشحنة المسحوبة إلى الاسطوانات لإعادة احتراقها مع الشحنة بدلا من أخراجها إلى الجو. أصبح نظام التهوية الجبرية لعمود المرفق من المعدات القياسية بالسيارة ليس فقط بسبب تقليل الانبعاثات الضارة من السيارة ولكن للتنظيف الداخلي للمحرك وزيادة العمر التشغيلي للزيت كذلك	نظام تهوية علبة عمود المرفق
	Port fuel injection	PFI
	حقن الوقود في الاسطوانة عند صمام السحب
	Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle	PHEV
	سيارة مهجنة تشحن بمصدر كهربائي ثابت
This unit reduces the air pressure supply to the front axle of the towing vehicle is de-coupled in order to reduce the braking power and maintain vehicle stability of the now much lighter vehicle	Pressure limiting valve	PLV
	صمام تحديد الضغط
	Particulate-matter number	PMN
	عدد الجسيمات العالقة
Measure of air pollution. It is common practice to express the quantity of a gaseous pollutant in the air as parts per million	Parts per million	ppm
هي مقياس لتلوث الهواء. من المألوف التعبير عن كمية الغازات الملوثة في الهواء كجزء من المليون	أجزاء لكل مليون (قياس التلوث في الهواء)
	Power split device	PSD
	وحدة توزيع القدرة
It is a unit of pressure or of stress based on avoirdupois units. It is the pressure resulting from a force of one pound-force applied to an area of one square inch	Pound per square inch	PSI (psi
	رطل على البوصة المربعة
The power steering oil pressure switch is attached to the power steering high-pressure tube and detects a power steering load. When a power steering load is detected, it signals the ECM. The ECM adjusts the idle speed for the increased load	Power Steering Pressure Switch	PSPS
	مفتاح ضغط مؤازر التوجيه
	photovoltaic	PV
	خلية كهروضوئية
A partial zero emissions vehicle is a vehicle that has zero evaporative emissions from its fuel system. They use a ZEV fuel such as electricity or hydrogen. Examples include plug-in hybrids or hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles	Partial Zero Emission Vehcile	PZEV
	مركبة لها إنبعاثات عادم تقارب الصفر
Symbol of electric charge	Quantity of electric charge	Q
رمز كمية شحنة الكهرباء	كمية شحنة الكهرباء
	Radial	R (1
إطار قطري	قطري
	Reverse	R (2
	النقلة الخلفية
The direction or position on the right side	Right	R (3
الاتجاه أو الوضع بالجانب الأيمن	يمين
	Research and development	R-and-D
	الأبحاث والتطوير
Ford's RABS or GM and DaimlerChrysler's RWAL; control both rear wheels at the same time	Rear Anti-Lock Brake System	RABS
نظام خاص بشركة فورد للتحكم في منع غلق العجلات الخلفية في نفس الوقت	نظام منع غلق العجلات الخلفية
The microprocessor can both read and write data to each memory location	Random access memory	RAM
	ذاكرة التعامل
		RAV
RC is the number of minutes a fully charged battery at 80 degrees F (26.7 degrees C) can be discharged at 25 amps until the voltage falls below 10.5 volts	Reserve Capacity	RC
	القدرة الإحتياطية
Remotely controlled racing cars	Remotely Controlled	RC, R/C
	التحكم عن بعد
	Reactively controlled compression ignition	RCCI
	إشعال بالضغط متحكم فيه عن طريق رد الفعل
It is a pneumatic vehicle tire that is designed to resist the effects of deflation when punctured, and to enable the vehicle to continue to be driven at reduced speeds for limited distances	Run Flat Tire	RFT
	إطار يمكن السير عليه بدون نفخ
	Relative Humidity	RH
	الرطوبة النسبية
	Read only memory	ROM
	قطري
Revolutions per minute (rev/min) is a measure of the frequency of a rotation. It annotates the number of full rotations completed in one minute around a fixed axis. It is used as a measure of rotational speed of a mechanical component. The corresponding basic SI unit is s−1 or Hz	Revolutions per minute	RPM (rpm
عدد اللفات في الدقيقة (لفة/ دقيقة) هي قياس تردد سرعة الدوران. وهي تعبر عن عدد اللفات الكاملة المقطوعة في دقيقة واحدة حول محور ثابت. وهي تستخدم في قياس سرعة الأجزاء الميكانيكية (الأعمدة,..). الوحدة المناظرة بالوحدات العالمية راد/ثانية أو هرتز	عدد اللفات في الدقيقة
	Recreational Vehicle	RV
	سيارات الرحلات (المبيت)
GM and DaimlerChrysler's RWAL or Ford's RABS; control both rear wheels at the same time	Rear Wheel Anti Lock brake system	RWAL
نظام خاص بشركة جي أم و ديملر كريزلر للتحكم في منع غلق العجلات الخلفية في نفس الوقت	نظام منع غلق العجلات الخلفية
A method of driving a vehicle whereby engine power is applied to the rear wheels. Power from the engine flows through the transmission, down the drive shaft, through the differential to the rear axles and wheels	Rear wheel drive	RWD
	سيارات الجر الخلفي
It is the base unit of time in the International System of Units (SI) and is also a unit of time in other systems of measurement	Second	s
	ثانية
SAE International (SAE) is a professional organization for mobility engineering professionals in the aerospace, automotive, and commercial vehicle industries. The Society is a standards development organization for the engineering of powered vehicles of all kinds, including cars, trucks, boats, aircraft, and others. Membership is open to the public for those particularly interested in Human Factors and Ergonomic Standards	Society of Automotive Engineering	SAE
	جمعية هندسة السيارات
Is the amount that the spindle support arm leans in the top. SAI is also known as ball joint inclination BJI or king pin inclination KPI	Steering axis inclination	SAI
	ميل محور التوجيه (زوايا العجل)
	Sensotronic Brake Control	SBC
	التحكم بالإحساس بالفرامل
	Steer-by-wire	SBW
	التوجيه بالسلك
Specific fuel consumption is equal to the mass rate of the fuel consumption divided by the engine brake power	Specific Fuel Consumption	SFC
هو خارج قسمة معدل كتلة الوقود المستخدم على القدرة الفرملية للمحرك	الاستهلاك النوعي للوقود
	Sequential fuel injectors	SFI
	حقن وقود متوالي
	Spark Ignition	SI -1
	إشعال بالشرارة
	International System of Units	SI -2
	النظام العالمي للوحدات
	Spark Ignition Direct Injection	SIDI
	حقن مباشر لمحركات الإشعال بالشرارة
	Self inflating tires	SIT
	إطارات نفخ ذاتي
Short-long arm suspension system	Short-long arm	SLA
	نظام التعليق ذو ذراع طويل وذراع قصير
The Sequential Manual Gearbox enables sporty, rapid gear changes through all six gears via the steering wheel paddles or selector lever, without the use of a clutch. Select Dynamic Driving Control (Sport button) for faster engine response and even more spontaneous driving enjoyment	Sequential Manual Gearbox	SMG
	صندوق تروس نقل يدوي متتالي
SOHC single overhead cam engine has one camshaft in cylinder head, Cam act directly on valves or rocker arms can be used	Single over head cam	SOHC
	نظام عمود كامة علوي مفرد
SRS means supplemental restraint system, and airbags fall into that category. So when you get in the new car and you see the letters “SRS“ on your steering wheel, that's what it means. It means you have airbags in the car. Could be front impact airbags that just come out of your steering wheel in the dashboard on the passenger side. Newer cars have airbags throughout the car. Side curtain airbags, thorax airbags, front airbags, back airbags	Supplemental Restraint System	SRS
	نظام التقييد الإضافي
It is the calculation of a vehicle, at rest, rollover resistance SSF = T / 2 H where, T is the "track width" of the vehicle and H is the "height of center of center if gravity" of the vehicle. The lower the SSF number, the more likely the vehicle is to rollover in a "single-vehicle crash	Static Stability Factor	SSF
	عامل الاتزان الساكن
	Special Service Tools	SST
	عدة الخدمة الخاصة
	Service Throttle System	STS
	خدمة نظام الخانق
	Sport utility vehicle	SUV
	سيارة الأنشطة الرياضية
Carbureted and throttle-body injection engines have heated air controls in the air cleaner. This is called a TAC	Thermal Air Cleaner	TAC
(نظام التحكم في التلوث)	متحكم في حرارة الهواء موجود بمنقي الهواء
Most electronic automatic transmissions utilize a TCC solenoid to lock the torque converter electronically. Once locked, the torque converter no longer applies torque multiplication and will spin at the same speed as the engine -assuming the converter is fully locked	Torque Converter Clutch Solenoid	TCC
Also ASR, TRC, TRAC. Traction control system prevents wheels from spinning in slippery conditions by automatically cutting engine power, lightly applying the brakes or both	Traction control system	TCS
	نظام التحكم في الجر
When the piston has reached the highest point in the cylinder, the connecting rod will be vertical. The piston, therefore, will be at the top of its stroke and the connecting rod will be in the dead center position	Top dead center	TDC
هي النقطة التي يصل فيها المكبس إلى أعلى نقطة في الأسطوانة, وعندها يكون ذراع التوصيل في الوضع الرأسي. ويكون المكبس عند بداية مشوار المكبس وذراع التوصيل يكون عند الوضع الميت للمحور	النقطة الميتة العليا
It is a dimensionless performance measure of a device that uses thermal energy, such as an internal combustion engine, a steam turbine or a steam engine, a boiler, a furnace, or a refrigerator for example. In general, energy conversion efficiency is the ratio between the useful output of a device and the input, in energy terms	Thermal Efficiency	TE
	الكفاءة الحرارية
It is a technology for delivering traffic and travel information to drivers. It is typically digitally coded using the FM-RDS system on conventional FM radio broadcasts	Traffic Message Channel	TMC
	محطة إرسال بيان حالة المرور
It is an electronic system designed to monitor the air pressure inside the pneumatic tires on various types of vehicles. This system let you know when you need to add air to your tires. These systems don't warn you until your tire has lost 25% of its pressure, the point at which danger may loom	Tire pressure monitoring system	TPMS
	نظام متابعة نفخ الإطار
The throttle position sensor responds to the accelerator pedal movement. This sensor is a kind of potentiometer that transforms the throttle position into output voltage, and emits the voltage signal to the ECM. In addition, the sensor detects the opening and closing speed of the throttle valve and feeds the voltage signal to the ECM. The ECM receiving the signal from the throttle position sensor determines idle position of the throttle valve. This sensor controls engine operation such as fuel cut. On the other hand, the "Wide open and closed throttle position switch", which is built into the throttle position sensor unit, is not used for engine control	Throttle position sensor	TPS
	حساس تحديد وضع صمام الخنق
	Technical Service Bulletins	TSB
	نشرات الخدمة الفنية
This may also be known as an input speed sensor (ISS). This sensor sends a varying frequency signal to the Transmission Control Unit to determine the current shaft speed of the input shaft or torque converter. The Transmission Control Unit uses this shaft speed to determine slippage across the torque converter and potentially to determine the rate of slippage across the bands and clutches	Turbine Speed Sensor	TSS
	حساس سرعة التربين
The manifold heat control valve routs exhaust gas under the floor of the intake manifold when the engine is cold. This is improves the vaporization of the cold fuel. This is also called an early fuel evaporation (EFE) vlave	Thermal Vacuum Switch	TVS
(نظام التحكم في الملوثات)	مفتاح يعمل بالتخلخل لتسخين الشحنة
(Pollution control system) Also called PVS ported vacuum switch. This prevents vacuum from operating the EGR valve before the engine is wormed up	Thermal Vacuum Valve	TVV
لتشغيل نظام التحكم في تدوير غازات العادم	صمام يعمل بالحرارة للتحكم في التخلخل
A universal joint, universal coupling, U-joint, Cardan joint, Hardy-Spicer joint, or Hooke's joint is a joint or coupling in a rigid rod that allows the rod to 'bend' in any direction, and is commonly used in shafts that transmit rotary motion	Universal joint	U-joint
	وصلة عمود الإدارة (الكردان)
It is a motor vehicle that emits extremely low levels of motor vehicle emissions compared to other vehicles. California defines a ULEV as a vehicle that to emit 50% less polluting emissions than the average for new cars released in that model year	Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle	ULEV
	مركبة ذات انبعاثات متدنية
This grading system, allows consumers to compare tire treadwear, traction performance, and temperature resistance. The federal government requires tire manufacturers to grade their tires in these three areas and place the information on the sidewall of the tire	Uniform Tire Quality Grading Uniform Tire Quality Grading System	UTQG UTQGS
	التقييم الموحد لجودة الإطار النظام الموحد لتقييم جودة الإطار
Unit of measuring electric potential	Volt	V
وحدة قياس الجهد الكهربائي	فولت
Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) describes a system in which power can be sold to the electrical power grid by an electric-drive motor vehicle that is connected to the grid when it is not in use for transportation. Alternatively, when the car batteries need to be fully charged, the flow can be reversed and electricity can be drawn from the electrical power grid to charge the battery	Vehicle-to-grid	V2G
	من المركبة إلى شبكة الكهرباء
Variable compression ratio is the technology to adjust internal combustion engine cylinder compression. This is done to increase fuel efficiency while under varying loads. Higher loads require lower ratios to be more efficient and vice versa. Variable compression engines allow for the volume above the piston at 'Top dead centre' to be changed. This needs to be done dynamically in response to the load and driving demands	Variable Compression Ratio Engines	VCR
	محركات متغيرة نسبة الإنضغاط
VDIM, Toyota's new system optimizes vehicle control by adding new features — electronically controlled brakes (ECB) and electronic power steering (EPS) and having them work in concert with the stability control (VSC), ABS, EBD and BA systems. Faster processing speed also promises more transparent operation of the system	Vehicle dynamic integrated management	VDIM
	إدارة الديناميكية المتكاملة للسيارة
	Vehicle dynamic integrated system	VDIS
	النظام الديناميكي المتكامل للسيارة
Volumetric efficiency is the ratio of the volume of air drawn into a cylinder to the piston displacement	Volumetric Efficiency	VE
هي النسبة بين حجم الهواء (الشحنة) الداخلة للاسطوانة (المحرك) إلى سعة الاسطوانة (المحرك).	الكفاءة الحجمية (كفاءة الامتلاء)
A small speaker up front plays a pre-recorded engine sound during electric-only vehicle operation, as a warning to pedestrians	Virtual engine sound system	VESS
	نظام الصوت المقلد للمحرك
	Variable Geometry Intake (manifold	VGI
	مجمع سحب متغير الأبعاد
The steering gear ratio will be changed in accordance with vehicle speed	Variable gear ratio steering	VGRS (1
تتغير نسبة التخفيض في التوجيه تبعاً لسرعة السيارة	توجيه متغير النسبة
	Variable gear ratio system	VGRS (2
	نظام متغير نسبة التخفيض
A serial number unique to each vehicle. The number indicates the year, assembly plant, and country in which the vehicle was made; the vehicle make and type; and the line, series, and body style	Vehicle identification number	VIN
هو رقم تسلسلي خاص لكل سيارة, يدل على البيانات الخاصة بالسيارة: سنة الصنع, مصنع التجميع, البلد المصنع, الماركة, النوع, الخط, الرقم التسلسل, وطراز جسم السيارة	رقم هوية المركبة (الرقم التعريفي للمركبة)
The device makes hybrid electric vehicles sound more like conventional internal combustion engine cars when the vehicle goes into the silent electric mode (EV mode), but at a fraction of the sound level of most vehicles	Vehicular Operations Sound Emitting Systems	VOSES
	نظام يصدر صوت تشغيل السيارة
VRHS systems exist under many trade names, including Electronic Height Control (EHC), Active Height Control (AHC), and pneumatic suspension systems. Depending on conditions such as vehicle speed and terrain, Variable Ride-Height Suspension (VRHS) raises or lowers the ride height of the vehicle while it is in motion. Some VRHS systems operate automatically, while others require the driver to select the appropriate mode. VRHS systems can have a favorable effect on a vehicle's likelihood to roll over because they lower the height of the vehicle's center of gravity and improve its Static Stability Factor (SSF) rating for highway driving	Variable Ride-Height Suspension	VRHS
	التعليق متغير ارتفاع الركوب
	Vehicle stability assist	VSA
	مساعدة أتزان المركبة
The VSC is the brains of the hybrid car. It helps to manage charging , drive assist, and engine starting functions. It shuts the engine down during coasting and at stoplight to save fuel. It also converts the traction motor into a generator during braking to help recharging the batteries	Vehicle system control	VSC (1
	نظام التحكم في المركبة
VSC systems exist under many trade names, including Electronic Stability Program (ESP), Electronic Stability Control (ESC), and Vehicle Stability Enhancement (VSE	Vehicle stability control	VSC (2
	نظام التحكم في اتزان المركبة
ESP systems exist under many trade names, including Vehicle Stability Control (VSC), Electronic Stability Control (ESC), and Vehicle Stability Enhancement (VSE	Vehicle Stability Enhancement	VSE
	تحسينات اتزان المركبة
The vehicle speed sensor is installed in the transaxle. It contains a pulse generator that provides a vehicle speed signal to the speedometer. The speedometer then sends a signal to the ECM	Vehicle speed sensor	VSS
	حساس سرعة السيارة
It is a valve train system developed by Honda to improve the volumetric efficiency of a four-stroke internal combustion engine. This system uses two camshaft profiles and electronically selects between the profiles. This was the first system of its kind. Different types of variable valve timing and lift control systems have also been produced by other manufacturers (MIVEC from Mitsubishi, VVTL-i from Toyota, VarioCam Plus from Porsche, VVL from Nissan, etc). It was invented by Honda R and D engineer Ikuo Kajitani. It can be said that VTEC, the original Honda variable valve control system, originated from REV (Revolution-modulated valve control) introduced on the CBR400 in 1983 known as HYPER VTEC	Variable Valve Timing and Lift Electronic Control	VTEC
	توقيت ومسافة فتح صمام متغير متحكم فيه إليكترونيا.وهناك العدبد من شركات السيارات قامت بتطوير نظم متشابهامع هذا النظام تحت مسميات أخرى.
	Variable Valve Actuation Systems	VVA
	نظم تشغيل المتغير للصمام
Valve timing is adjusted on intake, and valves and there is the Dual VVT-i engine, Valve timing is adjusted on both intake and exhaust valves	Variable Valve Timing	VVT
	نظام صمامات متغير التوقيت
	Variable Valve Timing with intelligence	VVT-i
	نظام صمامات متغير التوقيت مع ذكاء
	Variable Valve Timing and Lift - Intelligent	VVTL-i
	نظام صمامات متغير التوقيت ومسافة الفتح مع ذكاء
Unit of power (1 W = 1 kg m/s), (1 W = 1 J/s	Watt	W
وحدة القدرة ( 1 وات = 1 كجم متر/ث)	وات
Wide open throttle (WOT) refers to an internal combustion engine's maximum intake of air and fuel that occurs when the throttle plates inside the carburetor or throttle body are "wide open", providing the least resistance to the incoming air. In the case of an automobile, WOT is when the accelerator is depressed fully	Wide Open Throttle	WOT
في حالة المحرك فهي تعني أقصى كمية هواء/ خليط داخلة للمحرك والتي عندها يكون صامام الخنق بمدخل الهواء مفتوح عند أقصى فتحة بحيث يوفر أقل مقاومة لدخول الهواء. بالنسبة للسيارة فهو عندما يكون البدال عند أقصى مشوار له (على الارضية).	فتحة خانق كاملة
	Wheel speed sensor	WSS
	حساس سرعة العجل
XUV: A crossover SUV (also called CUV for Crossover Utility Vehicle) is an automobile with a sport utility vehicle appearance but is built upon a more economical and fuel-efficient car-based platform	Crossover Utility Vehicle	XUV
		Y
It is a vehicle that emits no tailpipe pollutants from the onboard source of power. Examples of zero emission vehicles include muscle-powered vehicles such as bicycles; battery electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles powered by hydrogen	Zero emission vehicle	ZEV
هي مركبة لا تخرج إنبعاثات ملوثة من أنبوب العادم ناجمة من مصدر القدرة المحمل بالمركبة. مثل لهذا النوع من المركبات يتضمن المركبات التي تعمل بالقوة العضلية مثل الدرجات, المركبات الكهربائية التي تعمل بالبطاريات الكهربائية, والمركبات التي تسير بخلايا الوقود التي تعمل بالهيدروجين	مركبة بدون إنبعاثات من العادم

Symbols
g	gravity
g	الجاذبية
h	height
h	الأرتفاع
l	length, liter
l	الطول, لتر
m	mass
m	الكتلة
p	pressure
p	ضغط
P	power
P	قدرة
t	time
t	زمن
T	torque
T	عزم دوران
v	velocity
v	السرعة
V	volum
V	حجم
w	weight
w	الوزن
m	coefficient of friction
ω	angular speed
p	pi
ρ	radius, density
σ	stress
e	strain
S	summation
θ,  f	angle
t	sheer stress
h	efficiency
d	delta
u

Related links:
إيجاد معاني المختصرات *****
- www.acronymfinder.com
- www.abbreviations.com

Car Glossary
http://www.parkers.co.uk/glossary/

Option and Package Glossary - Glossary of Terms:  http://autos.yahoo.com/carinfo/options/glossary.htm

J 2006, www.thecartech.com

د/ قاسم مراد (تقنية السيارات)

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