Internal Combustion Engine
Colin R.Ferguson
1985 M
Contents
One
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Spark Ignition Engines
I
1.2 Compression Ignition Engines
..
.. 24
1.3 Stratified Charge Engines
37
1.4 Two-Stroke Engines
..41
1.5 State of the Art Engines
45
1.6 Alternative Engines
... 51
1.7 General References
... 61
1.8 Specific References
62
1.9 Homework
...64
Two
GAS CYCLES
71
2.1 Constant Volume Heat Addition
.71
2.2 Constant Pressure Heat Addition
2.3 Dual Cycle
.. 76
2.4 Discussion
... 78
2.5 Arbitrary Heat Release
. 80
2.6 Heat Loss
. 86
2.7 Mass Loss (Blowby)
.. 89
2.8 Ideal Four-Stroke Process
... 91
2.9 Two-Stroke Engines
2.10 Dimensional Analysis
2.11 References
2.12 Homework
.99
FUEL, AIR, AND COMBUSTION THERMODYNAMICS
103
3.1 Ideal Gas Equations of State
. 103
3.2 Stoichiometry and FueL-AirResidual Composition
.. 108
3.3 A Subroutine for Fuel-Air Residual Gas
. 111
3.4 Equilibrium Combustion Products
.. 115
3.5 Practical Chemical EquilibriumFormulation
121
Seven
3.6 Practical Chemical EquilibriumSolution
122
3.7 A Subroutine for Equilibrium Combustion Products
.. 1.28
3.8 Liquids and Liquid VaporGas Mixtures
. 133
3.9 Isentropic Processes
... 136
3.10 Combustion
141
3.11 References
. 144.
3.12 Homework
. 1.45
7.6 Numer
Four
7.7 Long F
FUEL-AIR CYCLES
.. 149
4.1 Efficiency
.. 149
4.2 Otto Cycle
. 153
4.3 Fuel-Injected Limited-Pressure Cycle
163
4.4 Arbitrary Heat ReleaseFuel Inducted Engines
.. 168
4.5 Arbitrary Heat ReleaseFuel Injected Engines
180
4.6 References
187
4.7 Homework
188
Five Eight
ACTUAL CYCLES AND THEIR DETERMINATION 191 HEAT AND
5.1 Dynamometers
. 191
5.2 Fuel and Air Flow
... 194
5.3 Exhaust Gas Analysis
. 198
5.4 Residual Fraction
.. 206.
5.5 PressureVolume Measurement
207
5.6 Spark Ignition EngineActual Cycles
209
5.7 Compression Ignition Engines Actual Cycles
215
5.8 References
. 220
5.9 Homework
.220
Nine
Six COMBUSTI
FRICTION -
223
9.1 Flow \i
6.1 Motoring Mean Eectivc Prcssure
.... 225
6.2 Dimensional Analysis
229
Contents Ix
6.3 Piston and Ring Friction
230
6.4 Journal Bearings
.240
6.5 Other Friction
.. 245
6.6 The Nature of Friction
247
6.7 References
.250
6.8 Homework
.252
Seven
AIR, FUEL, AND EXHAUST FLOWS 253
7.1 Thermodynamic AnalysisFour-Stroke Engine
253
7.2 Valve Flow
257
7.3 Short Pipes
.263
7.4 Dimensional Analysis
.. 263
7.5 Valve Sizing
266
7.6 Numerical ModelingShort Pipes, Mixed Plenums
.. 266
7.7 Long Pipes
.270
7.8 Two-Stroke Engines
276
7.9 Pumping and Scavenging Work
283
7.10 Swirl and Squish
.287
7.11 Turbulence
.. 300
7.12 Carburetion
.305
7.13 Fuel Injection
. 313
7.14 References
.. 325
7.15 Homework
327
Eight
HEAT ANI) MASS LOSS
8.1 Conduction Heat Transfer
...335
8.2 Convective Heat Loss
341
8.3 Transport Properties of a Gas Mixture
346
8.4 Radiation Heat Transfer
351
8.5 Heat Transfer Measurements
353
8.6 Mass Loss or Blowby
..362
8.7 References
367
8.8 Homework
.368
Nine
COMBUSTION AND EMISSIONS
. 371
9.1 Flow Visualization
9.2 Thermodynamic Analysis
9.3 Autoignition
. 387
X Contents
9.4 Nitric Oxides
394
9.5 Carbon Monoxide
401
9.6 Hydrocarbons
.. 403
9.7 Particulates
.. 414
9.8 Emission Control
.
417
9.9 References
.424
9.10 Homework
.. 426
Ten
FUELS AND LUBRICANTS
..
..433
10.1 Crude Oil
433
10.2 Refining
...433
10.3 Hydrocarbons
435
10.4 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
.. 440
10.5 Chemical Processing
440
10.6 Gasoline
441
10.7 Diesel Fuel
444
10.8 Ideal Gas Enthalpy and Entropy Estimates
452
10.9 Fuel Additives
... 454
10.10 Lubricating Oils
. 455
10.11 Alternative Fuels
.458
10.12 References
... 459
Eleven
ENGINE PERFORMANCE
461
11.1 Engine Size
...461
11.2 Compression Ratio and Engine Speed
. 463
11.3 Part-Load Performance
......467
11.4 Ambient Pressure and Temperature
.. 471
11.5 Heat Release Timing
472
116 Performance Maps
. 477
11.7 References
..483
11.8 Homework
.484
Appendices
487
A: IMSL ROUTINES
.. 487
B: Units and Conversion Factors
. 501
C: Thermodynamic Derivatives
.. 509
E: Fue1r Cycles Via Charts
513
Index
. 543